Secession and State Creation by James Ker-Lindsay and Mikulas Fabry

 

Publisher’s write-up:

Cliquez ici afin de lire en français

‘What makes a state? This question has attracted more and more attention in recent years with Catalan’s illegal vote for independence from Spain and Palestine’s ongoing search for international recognition. And while Scotland chose to remain with the United Kingdom, discussion of independence have only continued as the ramifications of the Brexit vote begin to set in. Kosovo, South Sudan, and the situation in Ukraine – each in its way reveals the perils of creating a nation separate from neighbours who have dominated it.

As James Ker-Lindsay and Mikulas Fabry show in this new addition to the What Everyone Needs to Know series, the road to statehood never did run smooth. Declaring independence is only the first step; gaining both local and global acceptance is necessary before a state can become truly independent, The prospect of losing territory is usually not welcomed by the parent state, and any such threat to an existing culture and its economy is often met with resistance – armed or otherwise. Beyond this immediate conflict, the international community often refuses to accept new states without proof of defined territory, a settled population, and effective government, which frequently translates to a democratic one with demonstrated respect for human rights. Covering the legal, political, and practical issues of secession and state creation, Ker-Lindsay and Fabry provide a sure-footed guide to a complex topic.’

What makes a state? This question is even more pertinent today considering we are facing the most tumultuous geopolitical situation in decades, with Russia’s unprovoked invasion of Ukraine, civil war in Sudan, regime change in Afghanistan, Myanmar, etc. As the author addressed early on in the book, some newly formed states like South Sudan have gained international recognition without much hassle whereas others such as Kosovo, notwithstanding their ability to operate as an independent state, including achieving recognition from major global powers, still is not recognised by over half the world and is not a UN member. These are the questions that this book answers, as to what creates a state and what are the valid causes for secession.

To start with, this book takes an academic perspective on the issue and is not a philosophical book on nationhood or sense of belonging. It addresses the widely recognised international conventions and also the UN charter and the various resolutions when it comes to statehood and ideas such as self-determination. Even the definitions of what constituted a state start from the late 18^th century (around the time of independence of the US) and does not explain how states were recognised in different regions in the past (for example, in Europe, the church for large parts of the Middle Ages).

It is presented in an easy-to-read manner – split into chapters and in a question-and-answer format. The book was published in 2023 and thus,  it is updated up until the unprovoked Russian invasion of Ukraine. For the uninitiated and at the same time interested in geopolitics and the various concepts of state recognition– this book provides an overview, explaining what constitutes a state, what have been the accepted methods used in resolving conflicts in the past, and also failed efforts and frozen conflicts. There were several interesting facts that were presented, especially the norms that we follow in the international community – which I have never thought of it that way, that the countries have agreed that one sovereign state would have one vote in the UNGA regardless of their size and population.

A disappointment that people could have is from incorrect expectations as I already stated, as the book is academic and often uses terms which are not in common parlance. However, to those who are even partially interested in the topic, might be familiar with a third of the book, and thus, could proceed with those sections fast (an example could be a detailed explanation of the Montevideo Convention on the criteria for recognising a state).

On the whole, I would say that the book was an excellent read, and is strongly recommended for those who are interested in geopolitics and how the international system operates. On that note, I award the book a rating of eight on ten.

Rating – 8/10

Have a nice day,
Andy

The Emigrants by W.G. Sebald – Book Review

 

Publisher’s write-up :

‘At first The Emigrants appears simply to document the lives of four Jewish émigrés in the twentieth century. But gradually, as Sebald's precise, almost dreamlike prose begins to draw their stories, the four narrations merge into one overwhelming evocation of exile and loss.’

The Emigrants is a collection of four short stories written by the writer and academic W.G. Sebald, who wrote the book originally in German. As the title suggests, this narrates the story of four emigrants, all of whom are jews who fled Germany to avoid prosecution and living in their adopted countries.

The first story is about a doctor living in the English country side, Dr. Henry Selwyn, the second is that of a teacher, Paul Bereyter who now lives in Switzerland, the third is Amboros, who lives in the United States with his rich relatives – with whom he travels to expensive places around the world, and the last character is Max Ferber, who is a young painter in Manchester, whom the author meets.

The story dealt with different aspects of life, particularly that of emigrants, where there is always a yearning to belong to your new place, along with the nostalgia for the place that you had left but you have your reasons why it is implausible to move back to the previous place. This was best shown in the story of Paul, who struggled to belong in his new place even though he was well respected and always had a longing for the mountains in Bavaria.

The author had the setting described well in each of the stories, be it the countryside in the story of Dr. Selwyn or the various towns of Switzerland. The best use of a city was the description of Manchester in the story of Max, where I felt the author had used the city well. The author also has a unique style of adding pictures without any caption and this allowed me to visualize a lot of these scenes described to me by the author.

The story I had liked the least was the one of Amboros, where there were too many characters for one to get lost in the sea of information and they keep travelling around the world, going from place to place. It felt more like reading a travelogue than a novel. Unless these characters were completely based on real people, I felt the stories were unnecessarily sad, even stories that I felt which did not need such levels of sadness for it to move the reader (such as the story of Paul), and after a point, it becomes predictable, I had the shock while reading the story of Dr. Selwyn, but eventually, I started expecting such events.

On the whole, I would say that it was a good read, not the easiest of reads, but still has got some interesting stories. I award the book a rating of six on ten, and I am certainly interested in trying the other works of the writer.

Rating – 6/10

Have a nice day,
Andy

I’ll be strong for you by Nasim Marashi – book review

 

Afin de lire mon avis en français, cliquez ici

Note: I read the French translation of this book, so I would be using the names of the characters as it was written in French

Publisher’s write-up (from goodreads):

‘Three recent college graduates in Tehran struggle to find their footing in this award\-winning debut by Iranian journalist Nasim Marashi. Roja, the most daring of the three, works in an architecture firm and is determined to leave Tehran for graduate school in Toulouse. Shabaneh, who is devoted to her disabled brother and works with Roja, is uncertain about marrying a colleague as it would mean leaving her family behind. Leyla, who was unable to follow her husband abroad because of her commitment to her career as a journalist, is wracked with regret. Over the course of two seasons, summer and fall, in bustling streets and cramped family apartments, the three women weather setbacks and compromises, finding hope in the most unlikely places. Even as their ambitions cause them to question the very fabric of their personalities and threaten to tear their friendship apart, time and again Roja, Shabaneh and Leyla return to the comfort of their longtime affection, deep knowledge and unquestioning support of each other. Vividly capturing three very distinct voices, Marashi\x27s deeply wrought narrative lovingly brings these young women and their friendship to life in all their complexity.’

I’ll be strong for you is the first novel of the writer Nasim Marashi, written in Persian and published in 2014, which was highly successful in Iran. It is a story of three young women who met at the university in Tehran during their studies. The three have different family backgrounds, with Leya having a privileged background, Shabaneh who is from a small town and lived through her town being bombarded during the war (which war, is not mentioned) and does not want to leave her brother with special needs alone with her mother, the latter who does not have a particular liking towards him, and Rodja, who has big dreams and wants to leave the country. The narration is done in the first person though the narrator is different in each chapter (Leyla, Shabaneh and Rodja respectively).

 I liked the fact that the novel was universal and addressed experiences faced by most people living an urban life anywhere in the world. At times, I was interested in even going for a coffee with Leyla, just to hear her out, with all the difficulties she is facing with her mental health. I also appreciated the narration and the writing style as well, and even though the narrator changed every chapter, the chronology was maintained and the first person narrator of the previous chapter is a character in the third person in the present chapter.

Each of the character had to address a difficult situation, faced my most people, that is, ‘whether to stay or leave’, be it the country, job or a relationship and each of them had to measure the pros and cons of whatever decision they were to take.

However, universal nature of the novel was also its weakness, as regardless of whether this novel had taken place in Tehran or New York or Paris or Tokyo or Johannesburg would have caused little difference. I had a lot of expectations considering the novel was translated to French in the year 2023, with the context of the protests against the regime triggered by the murder of the young Kurdish woman Mahsa Amini by the state in 2022. However, the author never touched upon sensitive topics, neither religion nor politics. The former I understand as based on several articles I have read, Iran is quite a secular society where religion is less important than its other neighbours in the Middle East, despite their government. However, with politics, she had an opportunity, as Iran is a multicultural country despite popular perception (with Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Arabs, etc.) and I never saw any of these cultural aspects come out. And given that these women either wanted to leave the country (like Rodja) or create a positive impact (like Leyla), it was very much possible to explore the political angle.

To conclude, I enjoyed the book, and though it did not meet my expectations, if you enjoy reading about universal emotions such as love, friendship and dilemma, it is still a good novel to read. Considering that, I would award the novel a rating of six on ten.

Rating – 6/10

Have a nice day,
Andy

The Shallows by Nicholas Carr – Book Review

 

Publisher’s write-up:

‘Boldly reactionary... What looks like feast, Carr argues, may be closer to famine' Sunday Times'Chilling' The Economist. In this ground-breaking and compelling book, Nicholas Carr argues that not since Gutenberg invented printing has humanity been exposed to such a mind-altering technology. The Shallows draws on the latest research to show that the Net is literally re-wiring our brains inducing only superficial understanding. As a consequence there are profound changes in the way we live and communicate, remember and socialise - even in our very conception of ourselves. By moving from the depths of thought to the shallows of distraction, the web, it seems, is actually fostering ignorance. The Shallows is not a manifesto for luddites, nor does it seek to turn back the clock. Rather it is a revelatory reminder of how far the Internet has become enmeshed in our daily existence and is affecting the way we think. This landmark book compels us all to look anew at our dependence on this all-pervasive technology.’

The Shallows is a ten chapter book written by the tech writer Nicholas Carr. This book in particular, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. It needs to be kept in mind that the first edition was published in 2010, when iPhone was ‘new’ and social media did not have the level of impact it does today. However, in the foreword of my 10^th anniversary edition, the author claimed he stands vindicated considering what we have made of the internet. The title of the book states that the author tries to establish how the internet changes the way we think, read and remember, and I would evaluate whether the author has built the case for that.

The author starts by telling us how the concept of knowledge changed over time, where memory was important till the time writing and archiving were invented, it was associated less with knowledge from thereon. He also explains in detail the revolution brought by Gutenberg with the invention of printing press changed the way we processed information. I also liked how he compared Google to that of a church, wherein, the company despite its shortcomings are convinced of their vision statement where they are ‘making knowledge free’. The arguments about how our brains were impacted, sounded technical but was interesting when it came to making his case.

Having said that, I still found the book a tad outdated, wherein, many studies conducted on hyperlinks and its effect were from 90s, while I understand that many of it might still be relevant today, it is far easier to refer hyperlinks and get to the original text now that in was 30 years ago. It still raised a valid point, considering how it is easy to get distracted by hyperlinks. There are also other points where the author spoke of how we have not reduced television consumption but significantly increased the time we spend on the internet, and thus are left with less time. However, these days it is hard to distinguish between television and the internet as compared to 2010 (is Netflix television or internet? Is streaming on YouTube using your television be considered by the author as television or internet?)

While the author spoke of digressions, I felt for most of the book, the writer himself was digressing, with most of the book speaking very little about the internet and rather, the evolution of how we processed information over the centuries.

Many points raised by the author are interesting, such as the ineffectiveness of multi-tasking, which is all the more relevant in today’s work environment with real time conversation capabilities, we are often tasked with many different things to do at once. It also talks about how hyperlinks, rather than giving more information, provides less information to the reader. Ironically though, his own books cited a lot of sources, which, is required in a non-fiction work.

To conclude, I would say the book raised a lot of interesting points that ought to be discussed, such as how internet keeps us distracted. Many points got touched on the surface but none of it went deep enough to have an impact. On that note, I would award the book a rating of four on ten.

Rating – 4/10

Have a nice day,
Andy

Aliss at the Fire by Jon Fosse – Book Review

 

Publisher’s write-up:

‘In her old house by the fjord, Signe lies on a bench and sees a vision of herself as she was more than twenty years earlier: standing by the window waiting for her husband Asle, on that terrible late November day when he took his rowboat out onto the water and never returned. Her memories widen out to include their whole life together, and beyond: the bonds of one family and their battles with implacable nature stretching back over five generations, to Asle's great-great-grandmother Aliss.

In Jon Fosse's vivid, hallucinatory prose, all these moments in time inhabit the same space, and the ghosts of the past collide with those who still live on.

Aliss at the Fire is a haunting exploration of love, ranking among the greatest meditations on marriage and loss.’

Aliss at the Fire is an experimental novel written by Jon Fosse, who is a well-known playwright from Norway. Having said that I do not know how to place or where to place this. This novel goes through several generations of the Signe’s husband Asle, and talks a lot about his great-great-grandmother, Aliss and how since her days, the same events have been repeating in her family. Even Signe, who has been ‘waiting’ for her husband for over twenty years even though it is very apparent to the reader and everyone else that her husband left on a day when the weather was terrible and the boat sank, and that he is dead.

There are texts that are complex, which require the level of detail and verbose writing is enjoyable to the reader. And then there are books like Aliss at the Fire which have no content and is complicated for the sake of being complicated. I tried my best to get into the experiment of the author and I often like such innovative ideas or experiments and give it the widest time possible for me to judge, but this tested my patience immensely. The first five pages of the novel effectively conveyed that Signe looked out of her window, in so many words (mind you, this is an 80 page novel). It reminded me of a character from the British satirical show Yes Minister, the Permanent Secretary Sir Humphrey Appleby, who spoke such sentences but at least his intent was clear, that was to confuse the minister and in the end get his own agenda through. However, what was the intent of Jon Fosse? I would presume to frustrate the reader.

There are some parts of the text that I enjoyed, such as the description of Signe’s rural home by the Norwegian fjord, but that was all the content that was available on this book, the rest of the 75 odd pages were fluff. I read this book for a book club, and there were those who had positive views on the book, especially among those who enjoy poetry, so if you are someone who enjoys such works, you may try this book.

Since I read a translation, I also did not appreciate how the translator changed the title of the book, wherein, the Norwegian name of the title character is ‘Ales’ but the translator added a note stating that he changed it to Aliss (which is not a traditional Norwegian name), since it could have been misinterpreted as a story about ale and other types of beer. I hardly think anybody would have thought this book is talking about some technique to ferment an ale using fire. 

I would conclude by saying that reading this book was one of the worst by which I used my time and on that note, I award this book a rating of two on ten.

Rating – 2/10

Have a nice day,
Andy

Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville - Book Review

Note : I read the French translation of the novella

Afin de lire mon avis de lecture en français, cliquez ici

Publisher’s write-up (translated by me from the French edition):

‘The world described by Melville in this 1853 novella is already the world of ‘start up nation’, automation, surveillance, uberisation, the world of ‘bullshit jobs’, of open space, a world that is empty and impersonal, digitized and petrified in which all forms of resistance are criminalized. The world of copyright, the fast life of the megacity. To summarise, a mercantile world, brutal and closed, born during the first half of the 19^th century in Wall Street, and that which has become ours today. It is thus not surprising that ‘I would prefer not to’ is a slogan that was used by the protesters of the Occupy Wall Street movement’.

Bartleby the Scrivener is a novella written by the American author Herman Melville, who is known for his novel ‘Moby Dick’. In this, Bartleby is a new scrivener employed by a Wall Street advocate who was at first impressed by Bartleby’s sincerity at work. However, little by little, he loses interest in everything and thus, always responded to every question or request with his famous phrase ‘I would prefer not to’.

Even though the novella was written two centuries ago, it is still relatable as mentioned by the publisher, that the text is still relevant in the world of Uber and ‘Bullshit Jobs’ (to read my review on Bullshit Jobs by David Graeber, click here). Through this novella, the author had also shown the absurdities in the work environment, where the advocate did not lose anything even when Bartleby was doing nothing, never sacked him owing to sympathy and he was forced to eventually sack Bartleby not because of ‘cost cutting’ but because his reputation was being damaged in front of his clients who were observing that there was someone in the office doing nothing. If not for that, there was no impact in paying Bartleby for doing nothing.

The study of psychology and psychiatry was not that developed in the 19^th century but today, Bartleby might have been diagnosed as someone suffering from a severe depression. It was also a commentary on the American society of this era, where the a person’s profession defined who they were, which is even the case today where the society prefers a person who does some ‘work’ even though it is not useful for anyone rather than someone who does nothing (though the value added to the society in both these cases is nil). As mentioned earlier, there were many similarities between what was described in this novel and the 21^st century essay written by David Graeber on the phenomenon of ‘Bullshit Jobs’.

I would also add a point on the translation, I normally hate reading translations if I know the original language, especially in this case where the original language is my native language. However, the French translation was done very well and had a lot of footnotes which are required for the understanding of a 21^st century audience, for example, the book talks of a ‘dead letter office’, a concept which people are unlikely to be familiar with today, but, my French edition had a footnote explaining what it was and I could understand Bartleby’s plight further, thanks to that.

Overall, I enjoyed this novel, even though it was at times a caricature and the situation described by the author was an extreme and totally absurd, but still, sometimes it is these absurdities that help us think of more important questions on the society and the discussions that we need to have. On that note, I would award the book a rating of eight on ten.

Rating – 8/10

Have a nice day,
Andy

Promised Land by Karel Schoeman – Book Review

 

Publisher’s write-up (translated from the French edition by me):

Afin de lire le commentaire en français, cliquez ici.

“For George, this trip to South Africa was a promise to return to the land of his Afrikaner ancestors. However, they were just not the nostalgic memories that resurfaced. Between fear, silence and a ruined world from ‘the past’, the return of the prodigal son turns quickly into suffocation. For the peasant families forgotten by history, George represented everything at once. The foreigner who is a son of the country. The past and the present. A role that would soon prove to be too heavy to bear.”

Note: I read the book in French translated from Afrikaans by Pierre-Marie Finkelstein.

Promised Land is a novel from the well known writer from South Africa, Karel Schoeman, who wrote novels in Afrikaans, a language spoken by a majority of the Afrikaners in South Africa. The plot takes place in 1972, during the apartheid regime of South Africa.

George Neethling returns to his country of birth, after having been raised and lived in Switzerland for most of his life; in order to see the farm where he grew up in, the farm that belonged to his family at Rietvlei in South Africa. En route, he stops at the house of the Hattingh family, who inform him that there is nothing left in Rietvlei considering how his mother had left long ago and that there was nobody who took care of the farm. He was welcomed into the Hattingh family and everybody were interested in him for some reason or the other, as most of them had never seen a foreigner, or in this case, someone who had lived abroad. The conversations between Carla (Hattingh’s daughter) and George was my favourite part of the novel, where both sides made some very strong points. I also enjoyed the feast organized for George, where during the party, everyone wanted to dance with George to strike a conversation with him, for reasons of their own.

The author also explored most human emotions that is common all over the world, such as nostalgia with George, where he spends too much money to come all the way even though he had very little hope that he was returning to a better country than the one that his mother had left; and equally on the other side, the family values that are displayed by Hattingh and his friends. There was always an air of mystery, be it with George or the Hattingh family and their friends, which lasted for almost two thirds of the novel, which was something I appreciated. The contrast between someone from the countryside and someone from the city was also a topic well explored, where Carla even tells George that though they speak the “same words”, they do not speak the “same language”. I also enjoyed the description of the landscape and the Afrikaner village – where I felt like personally being in that setting in 1972. The novel also subtly touched upon political aspects of the time, though not directly, by using characters like Gerhad, who reminds George of his duty towards “his country”, “his people” and “his ancestors”. Even George’s gradual change was interesting, where he initially saw himself as being in his country but eventually identified himself as a foreigner.

A potential problem for readers could be that they need a context as the novel is written for Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa and if we do not know the history of the Afrikaners or the country, it could be difficult to appreciate the subtleties of the novel or even boring. It was a remark made by around half of the participants in the book club I attended to discuss this book (in French), and I understand their point of view.

To summarise, I loved this book, it was well written and the author invoked several complicated subjects despite the small size of the novel (around 250 pages in my pocket French edition). So, I award the book a rating of eight on ten.

Rating – 8/10

Have a nice day,
Andy